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A Review of Performance Indicators for Real Losses from Water Supply Systems
Author: A. Lambert & Others
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| The annual volume of water lost is an important indicator of water distribution efficiency, both in individual years, and as a trend over a period of years. High and increasing water losses are an indicator of ineffective planning and construction, and of low operational maintenance activities. The recommended terminology and method of calculation of Real and Apparent losses for international comparisons is explained in the Blue Pages (1). However, once these volumes have been calculated, which performance indicators should be used to decide whether real losses are 'high' or 'low'? And how can rational national and international comparisons be made in a wide variety of different situations? |
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Assessing Non-Revenue Water and its Components: A Practical Approach
Author: A. Lambert
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| An annual water balance is normally used to assess Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and its components. Unfortunately, because of the wide diversity of formats and definitions used for such calculations, previous attempts at national and international comparisons of performance in NRW management and performance have been open to considerable doubt. |
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Best Practice Performance Indicators for Non - Revenue Water and Water Loss Components: A Practical Approach
Authors: Lambert & McKenzie
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| A clearly defined water balance is the first essential step in the assessment of volumes of Non revenue water and the management of water losses in potable water distribution systems. In July 2000, the IWA Task Forces on Performance Indicators and Water Losses published a standard international ‘best practice’ water balance as shown in Figure 1. This water balance has since been recognised and adopted as international ‘best practice’ by a steadily increasing number of countries and water utilities throughout the world. |
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Challenges in freshwater management in low coral atolls
Authors: I. White and others
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| Population centres in low atoll islands have water supply problems that are amongst the most critical in the world. Fresh groundwater, the major source of water in many atolls, is extremely vulnerable to natural processes and human activities. Demand for freshwater is increasing and availability is extremely limited. Water governance reforms and the provision of knowledge to communities are critical. Regional water organisations, fostering self-support, are a key to developing island-adopted and owned solutions. |
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Coping with water scarcity
Author: UN – Water Thematic Initiatives
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| There are several ways of defining water scarcity. The definition used in framing this programme refers to water scarcity as: the point at which the aggregate impact of all users impinges on the supply or quality of water under prevailing institutional arrangements to the extent that the demand by all sectors, including the environment, cannot be satisfied fully. |
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Does demand management work over the long term?
Authors: Turner & White
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This paper identifies some of the key issues in planning, developing, implementing and evaluating demand management (DM) programs to ensure water efficiency is maximised and savings are achieved and maintained in the long-term. The paper draws on the experience of the Institute for Sustainable Futures (the Institute) and key staff who have worked closely with many water planners and DM managers across Australia since the early 1990s.
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Factsheet smart metering
Author: Wide Bay Water Corporation
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The AMR Smart Metering Program is a city-wide program to replace all existing domestic water meters in Wide Bay Water’s service area with newer, “smarter” technology. The program will be known generally in the community as “Smart Metering” because of the new meters’ ability to collect comprehensive data on water consumption, and because the data can be collected “remotely”.
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Factsheet wise water ways
Author: The Water Corporation (Australia)
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| This booklet is an easy to read all-in-one Waterwise Ways Guide for the whole family to use. It tells you how much different water activities use and provides simple yet effective ideas to make our habits, our homes and our gardens just that little bit more water friendly without affecting our lifestyle. |
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Including the effects of pressure management in calculations of Short-Run Economic Leakage Levels
Authors: Fantozzi & Lambert
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| The paper proposes a practical way in which the effects of pressure management can be included in calculations of short-run economic leakage level, taking into account changes in leak flow rates, changes in numbers of leaks and repair costs, and changes in income from metered customers (for financial planning purposes). |
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Leak detection equipment (power point presentation)
Author: The World Bank
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| Reported breaks on mains account for less than 10% of annual real losses volume in most well-managed systems. Only 3% of leaks are visible, 97% of leaks are invisible. What can be done to locate these leaks? |
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Leak location and repair: guidance notes
Authors: International Water Association water loss task force
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| It is evident that water is a limited resource in many parts of the world, a situation that has highlighted, amongst other things, the need to reduce leakage from urban water distribution systems to levels that are considered economically acceptable. We firmly believe that Water Loss Management is of fundamental importance to improving the efficiency of many water networks all over the world in order to ensure long-term environmental and societal sustainability. |
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Managing leakage by managing pressure: a practical approach
Author: J. Thornton
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This article outlines the importance of proactive pressure management as part of a demand management strategy - as a pre-requisite for effective management of Real Losses and as an option for managing components of Consumption.
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Managing pressures to reduce new breaks
Authors: Lambert & Thornton
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| The pressure management team seeks to improve the practical understanding of relationships between pressure and leak flow rates, pressure and consumption, and pressure and frequency of new leaks and breaks on mains and services. |
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Practical approach initiatives to water loss reduction
Author: K.J. Brothers
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| Water utility operations have always been challenged to maintain system infrastructure at an optimum level to convey the treated water from the source of supply, to the customer’s tap as efficiently and effectively as possible. With deteriorating infrastructure issues and limits in source of supply, the importance of leakage and water losses in general has become significant in terms of utility operations, source managed sustainability, and cost efficiency from system leakage investments. |
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Pressure management to reduce demand and leakage
Author: P. Mistry
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| A significant problem for water authorities is the amount of water that goes “missing” from leaving the water treatment plant to arriving at the customers’ taps. A simple desk top water balance can indicate the level of water losses and application of software packages can distinguish between apparent losses, real losses and the economic level of preventable lost water. |
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Pressure management extends infrastructure life and reduces unnecessary energy costs
Authors: Lambert & Thornton
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Pressure management encompasses several approaches and has a number of important benefits; it has been referred to as “the preventative method par excellence” of water loss management.
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Sustainable district metering
Authors: J. A. E. Morrison and Others
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District Metered Area (DMA) management is a well proven technique which when implemented correctly in conjunction with other measurers can effectively assist reduce or monitor leakage levels with the distribution network.
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The Pacific Infrastructure Challenge
Author: The World Bank
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This report originated as part of the Background Paper prepared for the joint IBRD/JBIC/ADB East Asia and the Pacific regional infrastructure study, connecting East Asia. Many stakeholders expressed interest in understanding more about differences and similarities among Pacific Island countries, how Pacific Island countries compared to other island states in the world, the role infrastructure plays in growth and development in the Pacific Islands region, and in identifying opportunities and obstacles to improving infrastructure performance.
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The Turning of a Screw
Authors: Ohlsson & Turton
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| The new story emerging follows from the evolution of water management practices. The recounting of experiences collected in the scientific literature on water resources management form a progression. They are about i) identifying bottlenecks; ii) finding the appropriate social tools to meet the challenges posed; and iii) dealing with the conflicts created by the new ways of using water resources socially. |
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Water conservation is dead: long live water conservation
Authors: Mitchell and Others
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| There are three demand management responses to imbalances in water demand and supply: conserve water, substitute potable water with a different source, and augment existing supplies. Of these, water conservation is both the most cost-effective and the most resource-use-effective i.e. it saves materials and energy required for treatment, distribution, use and collection. |
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Water demand management within the integrated resource planning process
Authors: Maddaus & Maddaus
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| Integrated resource planning (IRP) is an overall process for guiding and developing the water resource plan. This paper briefly explains how this process works, showing the difference between IRP with the inclusion of water demand management and traditional water supply planning. |
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Water demand management – shifting urban water management towards sustainability
Authors: Kayaga and Smout
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| Whereas the world population is increasing at a high rate, especially in urban areas,, the water resources have not only remained constant, but they are being polluted at a high rate, which inevitably results in water scarcity. There is a need therefore for water sector policy makers and professionals to have a shift in the way they manage water resources in urban areas. Instead of focusing on supply-side options, we need to apply water demand management (WDM) tools both on the utility and end-user sides. |
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What are we saving anyway?
Authors: K. Sarac & Others
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| This paper discusses the evaluation of three demand management programs undertaken in New South Wales. All the programs discussed use a subsidy mechanism in order to induce people to install water efficient appliances within their households. The focus of these programs was on indoor water use efficiency only. |
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